图表作文训练指导

图表作文训练指导
一、图表作文写作策略
图表作文要求学生首先看懂图表旨在展示的内容，然后准确清晰地进行分析、描述和概括，最后得出合乎情理的结论。写图表作文时，考生应注意以下几点：
1、语言要求
从语言角度来看，图表作文必须做到用词正确、句型多变、语法精确，这就要求一篇文章不能重复使用同一个词、同一个句型，考生应该特别注意这一点要求。图表作文中最容易重复使用同一个词.　　

例如:要描写趋势，就可能在许多地方都使用“上升”这个词，但是，如果在每一处都使用rise这个词来表达上升的意思的话，显然分数就会受到影响。在描绘图表作文的过程中，语言应力求客观。试比较下列的例子：
[例1] In 1960, there were about nine thousand marriages in Denmark, in 1970 there were about three thousand marriages, in 1980 there were two thousand five hundred marriages.
[例2] The number of marriages in Denmark fell very sharply between 1960 and 1970, and continued to decline until around 1985 though at a lower rate. From 1985 onwards there was a gradual increase in the number of marriages which then leveled off in 1994.
这两段文字一经对比就可以发现哪一个更能够展示考生分析问题的能力及语言水平。在描写图表时切记反复使用同一种句型，只单纯记录数据而不进行趋势描写。
2、内容要求
图表作文和其他类型作文的区别主要在于图表作文的信息载体是图表而不是文字，考生在写作过程中很容易将重要信息遗漏掉，所以在作文完成后，考生务必要在内容方面认真检查一遍，以免任何不必要的损失。
3、趋势描写
图表中常常会反映出某个事物的趋势，有总体趋势也有局部趋势，因此趋势描写也成为图表作文中不可或缺的内容。图表的目的是通过对比、对照来说明问题，因此文章中也应该有描写有关对比、对照的趋势。此外，图表中给的数据和事实一般都比较多，但是考生切忌将图表中所罗列的数据进行逐一的简单翻译。在写作中，考生应注意去繁就简，抓住关键数据做文章。而且要心细眼明。考生在审题时必须弄清图表中所罗列的数据各代表什么、每种符号的意义、数据的单位是什么等等，切忌张冠李戴。
4、数据导入
图表的另一个特点是表中会出现大量数据，因此图表作文中也一定要有导入数据。只是泛泛地谈某种趋势是远远不够的，必须有具体的数据来支撑。例如文章中说某事物在增长，紧随其后就应该导入数据来证明事物的增长。
5、分析问题
在图表作文中，考生还应该根据图表信息对其内在的因果关系进行分析解构，然后提出自己的看法或对策。考生应注意紧扣主题，切忌泛泛而谈，越扯越远。言之有理，言之有据，才能写出一篇好作文。
6、结构要求
在结构方面，图表作文也要求结构清晰、层次分明。要想在考试中得到较为理想的分数，在篇章结构上一定要注意衔接手段的使用。成功地运用各种衔接手段才能使独立的句子和段落变成文章。
开头部分：图表作文的首段必须描写图表，这里应该包括趋势描写和数据支持。
主题段落：在这一部分，考生应该根据图表所提供的信息进行分析，阐述自己的观点和理由。
结尾部分：考生可以总结全文，加深读者的印象；也可以是发出号召，唤起读者的共鸣；还可以表示作者的信念，增强文章的感染力；同时，也可以提出问题，启发读者思考------无论怎样，考生都应该注意既要做到与开头呼应又要概括全文，使读者有一个统一完整的概念。　　

… had the largest percentage/ proportion of …
… account for / take up 10%.
Compared with A, B has a higher percentage.
On the top of the list is …, which accounts for 60%.
At the bottom is …, which takes up 20%.
A is second to B.
A is ranked/ rated first, followed by B at 30% and C at 25%.
3、表示“数据变化”的常用句式
A．表示增加、减少和波动的常用结构
The number of private cars increased/ rose suddenly/ rapidly/ dramatically/ substantially/ considerably/ sharply/ steeply from … to …
There was a sudden/ rapid/ dramatic/ substantial/ considerable/ sharp/ steep increase/ rise in the number of private cars from … to …
There was a boom in the number of private cars from … to …
The number of private cars climbed/ jumped/ rose suddenly/ went sharply up/ soared to … in …
There was an evident/ apparent/ obvious increase in … from … to …
The number of private cars increased/ rose steadily gradually from … to …
There was a steady/ gradual increase/ rise in the number of private cars from … to …
There was a slight/ slow increase/ rise in the number of private cars from … to …
The number of private cars increased/ rose slightly/ slowly from … to …
The number of private cars decreased/ fell/ dropped suddenly/ rapidly/　　

dramatically(惊人地)/ substantially(客观地)/ sharply/ steeply from … to …
There was an evident/ apparent/ obvious reduction/ decline in … from … to …
The number of private cars increased/ rose by … % from … to …
The number of private cars fell/ dropped/ declined by  … % from … to …
There was a slight fluctuation（价格、数量、水平）波动 in the number of private cars from … to …
B．表示变化不大或没有变化的常用结构
The number of private cars remained steady/ stable/ constant between … and …
The number of private cars stayed the same between … and …
There was little/ hardly any change in the number of private cars between … and …
The number of private cars remained level between … and …
The number of private cars remained steady at approximately … between … and …
The number of private cars appeared to level off（趋于平稳）.
C．表示最高点或最低点的常用结构
The situation/ figures reached a peak/ a high at …% in …
The situation/ figures bottomed out at …% in …
The situation/ figures peaked at …% in …
The situation/ figures hit a trough（商业活动、价格的）　　

低谷期、萧条期 at …% in …
The number soared to（猛增，骤升） a record high of …
D．表示倍数的常用结构
A is twice/ three times/ four times what it was in …
A is twice/ three times/ four times the amount in …
A is twice/ three times/ four times as much/ many as … in …
A is twice/ three times/ four times more than … in …
From … to …, A increased/ dropped more than six fold.
The output of steel in 1990 was 400% up compared with in 1980.
The figure was roughly doubled/ tripled（三分之一）　　

/ quartered(四分之一) / quintupled(五分之一)　　

 between … and …　　

4．“结尾”段落中常用的句型：---- Conclusion
  1. In my opinion, …
  2. Personally, I …
  3. In short (= In brief), …
  4. In conclusion, …
  5.As far as I’m concerned, …
  6. To conclude , it seems clear that …
  至于说到我，我赞成前一种观点。所以，我的结论是，只要我们坚持正确的东西，改正错误的东西，我们就一定能成功。
  As far as I’m concerned, I’m in favor of the former view. Therefore, my conclusion is that we are certain to succeed as long as we stick to what is right and correct what is wrong. 　　

二、图表作文常见类型：　　

（一）Facts and figures   (二)  Trends　　

【例析1】请你根据下表提供的信息写一篇题为Changes in Chinese People's Diet的短文,短文可分为三小节:　　

1)state the changes in people's diet in the past five years;　　　　

2)give possible reasons for the changes;　　3)draw your own conclusions.　　

　　注意:1. 尽可能少引用数据; 2. 词数100左右。　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　分析:本统计表描述中国人民从1998年至2002年饮食结构的变化。　　

　　第一步:点明主题。　　

　　There have been some changes in the diet of the Chinese people.　　

　　第二步:观察图表中数据的增减总趋势,分类式阐明,并说明原因。　　

　　Grain, the main food of the most people in 　　China　　, is now playing a less important role. The amount of fruit and vegetables in the average person's diet has also dropped by 1.5 percent from 1998 to 2002. The amount of milk and meat has increased.　　

　　The changes in diet can be explained by several reasons. For one thing, with the development of the economy, people can afford to buy better foods. For another, people have realized the importance of a balanced diet.　　

　　第三步:归纳总结并得出结论。　　

　　In a word, the changes are the signs of the improvement in people's lives. There is no doubt that there will be greater changes in people's diet in the future.　　

　　【例析2】根据下面所给两幅图,完成100词左右的一篇短文(首句已给出)。参考词汇: expenses: n. 支出,费用　　

　　The Average Family Expenses　　

　　The average family income in the 　　U. S.　　 has increased ______________________.　　

　　分析:　　

　　第一步:点明本圆形图所表明的主题。　　

　　The average family income in the 　　U.S.　　 has increased. The way the average family spends its income has also changed.　　

　　第二步:描述两个圆形内数据间的变化。　　

　　In 1997, 25% of the income was spent on housing and 18% on food and drink. 57% was used to meet all other expenses. In 2002, 32% was spent on housing, a big increase. Food and drink consumed 22%. The remaining expenses amount to 46%.　　

　　第三步:总结。　　

　　It's clear from the charts that as incomes increase people can afford to live more comfortably and eat more.　　

图表作文练习（一）　　

Facts and Figures　　

Take a look at the table below. It shows the number of road accidents in 　　Britain　　 in different places as well as the ages of the injured persons. You can refer to the sentences in the tips by completing them.　　

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________　　

1．when children were playing in the street．　　

2．were between the ages of eight and eleven．　　

3．a single child．　　

4．between the ages of five and seven．　　

5．the fewest number of accidents．　　

Tips　　

1. By far most accidents occurred _________________________________.　　

2. Twenty-five of the children who were involved in an accident while
cycling in the street ___________________________________________.　　

3. Only _____________________________ aged 14-16 got into an accident while shopping for their parents.　　

4. Children _____________________________are most likely to be involved in road accidents.　　

5. Generally, _____________________________________ occurred while going to school.　　

Supported exercises:　　

1. 中国以全世界1/7的土地养活了全球1/4的人口。　　

  __________________________________________   __________________________________________　　

2. 世界上超过80%的财富掌握在不到20%的富人手中。
___________________________________________________________________________________　　

3. 欧洲的人口在1995年是7.28亿。
____________________________________________________________________________________　　

4. 2003年3月底，全国国有企业下岗职工为400万人。
____________________________________________________________________________________　　

5. 我国大多数城市的中小学女教师远远多于男教师。
____________________________________________________________________________________　　

6. 2004年广东在危险环境下工作的人超过600万。但仅有一部分参加了
体检，占总人数的48%左右。　　

____________________________________________________________________________________　　

图表作文练习（一）　　

Facts and Figures　　

Key 　　

Tips　　

1．when children were playing in the street．　　

2．were between the ages of eight and eleven．　　

3．a single child．　　

4．between the ages of five and seven．　　

5．the fewest number of accidents．　　

Supported exercises:　　

1．China has managed to feed one fourth of the world’s population with one seventh of the world’s land．　　

2. More than eighty percent of the world’s wealth belongs to the rich who account for less than twenty percent of the world’s population．　　

3．In 1995 the population of Europe was 728 million．　　

4．The number of laid-off workers from state-run enterprises in China was 4 million by the end of March, 2003．　　

5. There are far more female teachers than male teachers in primary and secondary schools in most Chinese cities．　　

6. In 2004 there were more than 6 million people working in hazardous environment in Guangdong, but only part of them took part in the health check, forming 48 percent of the total．　　

图表作文练习（二）　　

Facts and Figures　　

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task．　　

    The table below shows personal savings as a percentage of personal income for selected countries in 1965，1975 and 1985．　　

    Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.　　

Write at least 150 words．　　

Step 1 Find out some typical figures from many figures　　

◆ Extreme: maximum or minimum 　　

(increase or decrease)　　

◆ similarity:　　

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________　　

图表作文练习（二）　　

The table shows the percentage of personal income devoted to savings in seven countries in 1965, 1975 and 1995． 　　

  The most dramatic changes are those in Italy, Spain, Australia and Canada．   　　

   In 1965 Italy had the highest savings rate of 29.5％。, followed by Australia with 18.7％ and then Spain with 17.6％. Canada had the lowest ----5.6％．　　

   By 1975 Italy was still the leading country, though the savings rate had dropped to 17.6％. Germany was next with 13.8％(same as 1965) and the rates in Australia and Spain were close behind. In Canada, the savings rate had almost declined to 11.5％. The UK and the USA had the lowest rates, 8.2％ and 5.5％ respectively.  　　

   By 1985 the savings rates had leveled out considerably across all seven countries. Australia and Spain led with 13. 6％，followed by Germany, Italy and the UK at around 11％．Personal savings in North America dropped sharply, with the USA at 4.0% and Canada at a bottom low 1. 9％. 　　

   The overall table shows a reduction in savings over this 30 years period．