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教学案例3

录入者:netlab  人气指数: 次  发布时间:2010年01月26日

教学案例  

教学目的:通过对一篇科普文章的合作学习活动,使学生了解早期人类在自然界的地位;训练阅读、交流和表达的技能,并且学会从已有的认知结构(如构词法)角度及前后文语境判断新词汇的含义,养成学习词汇的良好方法。  

适合级别:7—8   

1、导入:教师提出几个简要问题,如:人类在自然界的进化过程中占据什么地位?作为强者还是弱者而存在?等等,收集学生不同的答案  

2、教师布置阅读任务:学生阅读一篇科普文章(后附)  

要求 学生通过构词法及前后文语境判断画线的生词;  

找出文章中心,并从中找出论据进行论证,进而理清文章结构。  

3、全班分为7组,每组6-7人(以各成员以ABCDEFG作为编号),完成阅读后  

各学生从已有的认知结构出发(如构词法)及前后文语境判断生词的含义,进行交流,并且记下最终结论,对于讨论后仍不太确定的或者无根据可循的词汇可以各个组员分配任务查词典再得出最终答案。  

组员间交流文章的中心,并以图文形式理清文章结构。  

操作如下,  

   

         

有规律可循的词,如构词法  

    

推测词的含义

    

生词  

    

可根据前后文语境做出判断的词汇

    

虽经过小组讨论,但对最终结论还是不具太大把握的词汇

    

各组员分配任务查词典求证

    

无判断依据的新词汇

    

确定并记录下词汇的含义

                        

   


              co-(联合、伴同)+ operation(操作)

                                                   合作  

        

           

                  die out àextinct                    灭绝             灭绝                                        

   

     

   


            evasiveàmore likely to escape  

   

   

   

               hypothesis  

   

课文中心:原远古人不是捕猎者,而是被捕食者;人类的进化并非为猎取而是为逃脱被捕食

      

对远古人牙齿及骨骼化石的研究表明:肉类食物在远古人食物中不占重要地位;相当一部分的远古人死于肉食动物之口

    

晚期智人具备的两个特征----思想交流能力和过群体生活是为防范食肉动物的攻击而进化来的

    

直立人Homo erectus具有逃跑的优势所以生存下来,而傍人Paranthropus不善于逃而灭亡  

    

原始人类--阿法南猿Australopithecus afarensis)的牙齿并不适合吃肉;许多骨骼化石上都留有其它食肉动物的牙印  

   

                              

   

   

   

   

   

   


4、把学生第二次分组。把具有同一编号的学生编为一组,如,A组为具有A编号的所有学生,B组为具有B编号的所有学生,以此类推形成ABCDEFG七个全新的组,每个新组员代表原先的组跟其他六个组的代表进行交流。  

5、教师进行点评。  

   

Ancient Man was not a hunter but the hunted, according to new research that suggests that human intelligence and social co-operation evolved to allow our ancestors to escape predators rather than to catch prey.  

Studies of fossil teeth and bones from human species that lived millions of years ago indicate that meat did not play a significant part in diet, and that at least one in twenty met their end in a predator’s jaws.  

The findings support the idea that the communication skills and group living that are characteristic of modern Homo sapiens evolved as defensive measures against lions, crocodiles and eagles.  

If the predation hypothesis is correct, it might explain why ancient humans of the genus Homo, such as Homo erectus, survived to give rise to modern humans while other relatives such as Paranthropus, that lived alongside for hundreds of thousands of years, died out.  

If Homo erectus and Paranthropus were threatened by the same predators, but the former's social skills made it even a little more likely to escape, the small difference would have become a great advantage over time. Predators would have taken more and more of the less evasive species, which would eventually have been driven extinct.  

Research by Robert Sussman, of  Washington   University ,   St Louis  , has identified that teeth belonging to an older species of ancient humans, Australopithecus afarensis, were poorly adapted for meat eating, suggesting that it was not a hunter. About 6 per cent of all A. afarensis bones, however, show tooth marks that are consistent with predation, indicating that this was a major cause of death.

 
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